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William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, KG (16 October 1396 – 2 May 1450), was an English commander in the Hundred Years' War and List of Lord High Admiral of England from 1447 until 1450. He was nicknamed Jackanapes. He also appears prominently in William Shakespeare's ''Henry VI, Part 1'' and ''Henry VI, Part 2''. Already holder of the title Earl of Suffolk, he was granted the additional titles Marquess of Suffolk (1444), Earl of Pembroke (1447) and Duke of Suffolk (1448). ==Biography== William de la Pole was born at Cotton, Suffolk, the second son of Michael, 2nd Earl of Suffolk, and Katherine de Stafford, daughter of Hugh, Earl of Stafford, KG, and Lady Philipa de Beauchamp. Almost continually engaged in the wars in France, he was seriously wounded during the Siege of Harfleur (1415), where his father died from dysentery.〔Michael Bennett, ''Agincourt 1415:Triumph against the odds'', (Osprey, 1991), 24.〕 Later that year his older brother Michael, 3rd Earl of Suffolk, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt,〔Michael Bennett, ''Agincourt 1415:Triumph against the odds'', 24.〕 and William succeeded as 4th Earl. He became co-commander of the English forces at the Siege of Orléans (1429), after the death of Thomas, Earl of Salisbury. When that city was relieved by Joan of Arc in 1429, he managed a retreat to Jargeau where he was forced to surrender on 12 June. He remained a prisoner of Charles VII of France for three years, and was ransomed in 1431. After his return to the Kingdom of England in 1434 he was made Constable of Wallingford Castle. He became a courtier and close ally of Cardinal Henry Beaufort. His most notable accomplishment in this period was negotiating the marriage of King Henry VI with Margaret of Anjou in 1444. This earned him a promotion from Earl to Marquess of Suffolk. However, a secret clause was put in the agreement which gave Maine and Anjou back to France, which was partly to cause his downfall. His own marriage took place on 11 November 1430, (date of licence), to (as her third husband) Alice Chaucer (1404–1475), daughter of Thomas Chaucer of Ewelme, Oxfordshire, and granddaughter of the notable poet Geoffrey Chaucer and his wife, Philippa Roet. With the deaths in 1447 of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort, Suffolk became the principal power behind the throne of the weak and compliant Henry VI. In short order he was appointed Chamberlain, Admiral of England, and to several other important offices. He was created Earl of Pembroke in 1447, and Duke of Suffolk in 1448. However, Suffolk was later suspected of being a traitor. On 16 July he met in secret with Jean, Count de Dunois, at his mansion of the Rose in Candlewick street. The first of several meetings in London, they planned a French invasion. Suffolk passed Council minutes to Dunois, the French hero of the Siege of Orleans. It was rumoured that Suffolk never paid his ransom of £20,000 owed to Dunois. Lord Treasurer, Ralph Cromwell, wanted heavy taxes from Suffolk; the duke's powerful enemies included John Paston and Sir John Fastolf. Many blamed Suffolk's retainers for lawlessness in East Anglia.〔Curran, 261-2.〕 The following three years saw the near-complete loss of the English possessions in northern France. Suffolk could not avoid taking the blame for these failures, partly because of the loss of Maine and Anjou through his marriage negotiations regarding Henry VI. On 28 January 1450 he was arrested, imprisoned in the Tower of London and impeached in parliament by the commons. The king intervened to protect his favourite, who was banished for five years, but on his journey to Calais his ship was intercepted by the ''Nicholas of the Tower''; Suffolk was captured, subject to mock trial, and executed by beheading.〔Michael Hicks, ''The Wars of the Roses'', (Yale University Press, 2010), 68.〕 He was later found on the sands near Dover,〔Norman Davis (ed). "The Paston Letters" (OUP, 1999), letter 14, pp26-29.〕 and the body was probably brought to a church in Suffolk, possibly Wingfield. Suffolk was interred in the Carthusian Priory in Hull by his widow Alice, as was his wish, and not in the church at Wingfield, as is often stated. The Priory, founded in 1377 by his grandfather the first Earl of Suffolk, was dissolved in 1539, and most of the original buildings did not survive the two Civil War sieges of Hull in 1642 and 1643.〔William Page (ed.), "A History of the County of York: Volume 3" (1974), Victoria County History, pp190-92〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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